Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a rickettsial bacterium that is transmitted via the bite of an infected ixodes spp. Infection with this species is a major threat to livestock and causes anaplasmosis. Its greatest ecological impact prevails as a worldwide livestock pathogen that impacts animal health and concomitant economic health. Gram negative bacteria belonging to the above anaplasma spp. Anaplasma marginale is a gramnegative bacterium of the rickettsiales order lacking a traditional cell wall. The brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus and dermacentor spp. Anaplasma platys is also present in this region and could possibly have a zoonotic potential.
Lipopolysaccharides and lipooligosaccharides have not been detected in the cell wall of anaplasma and it is unknown if they contain peptidoglycan. The vmdl is a fullservice laboratory accredited by the american association of veterinary laboratory diagnosticians aavld. The disease most commonly occurs in areas where competent tick vectors are indigenous, including tropical and semitropical areas of the world for intraerythrocytic anaplasma spp. The doublestranded, circular genome of this species is around 1. Tick and tickborne disease control in east, central and southern africa, 19911994. Anaplasmosis is caused by several bacterial species of the genus anaplasma. This lives inside of the white blood cells and can cause a variety of problems. Emmanouil angelakis, didier raoult, in infectious diseases fourth edition, 2017. Prevalence rates are high for ehrlichia and anaplasma spp.
Tickborne diseases in eastern zaire congo democratic republic. Anaplasma platys former ehrlichia platys causes canine cyclic thrombocytopenia in tropical and warm regions of the world, like the mediterranean, asia, middle east, africa, australia, and the usa. In this study 428 hostseeking ticks, belonging to nine species of ixodidae and collected from 17 of. Prevalence and coinfection with tickborne anaplasma. This bacterium was first described in the early 1930s as rickettsia phagocytophila infecting. Molecular epidemiology and risk factors assessment of anaplasma spp. Canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis are important tickborne diseases with a worldwide distribution. E hrlichioses are recognized as important emerging tickborne diseases in humans and wild and domestic animals. Factors contributing to emergence of ehrlichia and anaplasma spp. In the philippines, it has been detected in ticks 5 and dogs 6.
Jenifer coburn, medical college of wisconsin, united states. Blood samples are routinely used for anaplasma spp. The most common and important species affecting dogs is e. Anaplasmosis is a disease caused by a rickettsial parasite of ruminants, anaplasma spp and is therefore related to rickettsial disease. Make your own animated videos and animated presentations for free. Project methods our objective in this project is to investigate the factors influencing transmission of anaplasma marginale by dermacentor andersoni.
The ixodes tick that commonly transmits lyme disease also spreads anaplasmosis. It can be detected in blood smears early in the course of clinical infection and illness as morula in neutrophils, or by pcr of whole blood. Molecular investigation and phylogeny of anaplasmataceae species. These guidelines have been developed as a direct outcome of the cost action td3 eurnegvec european network of neglected vectors and vectorborne diseases. Anaplasmosis is a tickborne disease caused by the infectious bacterial organism anaplasma phagocytophilum.
Anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis traditionally refer to diseases caused by obligate intracellular bacteria of the genera anaplasma and ehrlichia. Bacteria of the genus anaplasma characteristics of. The vetscan anaplasma antibody test kit is a visual rapid test for the qualitative detection of antibodies to a. Following recent reclassification, some former members of the ehrlichia group that infect humans, dogs, and horses, are now considered to be part of the group called anaplasma. Anaplasmosis, formerly known as gall sickness, traditionally refers to a disease of ruminants caused by obligate intraerythrocytic bacteria of the order rickettsiales, family anaplasmataceae, genus anaplasma. Anaplasmosis was originally believed to infect only ruminants cattle, sheep, goats, deer, elk, bison, antelopes etc. Pdf anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep and goats in central. Anaplasma is a genus of bacteria of the alphaproteobacterial order rickettsiales, family anaplasmataceae anaplasma species reside in host blood cells and lead to the disease anaplasmosis. From the greek an, which means without, and plasma, anything formed or molded, the bacterium anaplasma phagocytophilum represents a rickettsial pathogen of both veterinary and medical interest that is still unfamiliar to many microbiologists. There is little information on anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis in ruminants in china. Cattle, sheep, goats, buffalo, and some wild ruminants can be infected with the erythrocytic anaplasma. Anaplasma ovis article about anaplasma ovis by the free.
Ehrlichiosis ehrlichiosis is caused by ticktransmitted intracellular bacteria that invades monocytes and macrophages ehrlichia canis and platelets anaplasma platys, previously ehrlichia platys. Introduction anaplasma platys is a gramnegative intracellular bacteria of the family anaplasmataceae 1 that has recently been reported to infect humans 24. Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis iowa state university. If submitting specimens from multiple animals, 1 label each tube sequentially e. Guidelines for the direct detection of anaplasma spp.
To assess the role of cervids in the maintenance of zoonotic pathogens in norway, we investigated the prevalence of a. Anaplasma marginale and theileria annulata in questing. Scott miller, 1 huynh van thien, 5 jeanpaul gonzalez, 4 didier raoult, 2 sam r. Introduction over recent years, there has been a growing interest in bacteria from the genus anaplasma, especially in the species a. Anaplasmosis circulatory system merck veterinary manual. Both genera contain small, pleomorphic, gram negative, obligate intracellular organisms, and belong to the family anaplasmataceae, order rickettsiales.
Anaplasma was formerly called ehrlichia equi, so you may hear this disease referred to as ehrlichiosis. Anaplasma spp are a rickettsial bacteria which cause anemia and transmit disease to other mammals including humans a. A lesser form of anaplasmosis is caused by anaplasma platys and is transmitted by the brown dog tick. Discrimination between anaplasma marginale and anaplasma ovis by pcrrflp. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects humans and many species of animals. They are transmitted by natural means through a number of haematophagous species of ticks. It is transmitted through bites of the deer tick also known as the blacklegged tick and western blacklegged tick. Illness can include a range of nonspecific signs, including but not limited to fever, anemia, icterus, swollen stiff legs. Ticks are ubiquitous arthropods and vectors of several pathogenic agents in animals and humans.
The disease is known as human granulocytic anaplasmosis hga. Anaplasma phagocytophilum is a rickettsial pathogen transmitted by ixodid ticks. Pdf guidelines for the direct detection of anaplasma spp. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by using groesl gene ampli. Monitoring questing ticks is of great importance to ascertain the occurrence of pathogens and the potential vector species, offering an insight into the risk of disease transmission in a given area. Roberts the molecular structure and detection group, the university of newcastle, callaghan, nsw 2308, australia received 16 september 2004. Anaplasma marginale is endemic to topical and subtropical regions of the world. Multiple infections of anaplasma platys variants in. The major anaplasma species that impact animal and human health are. However, only one recent article reports on the human esposure to a. The microorganisms are gramnegative, and infect red blood cells. Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis the center for food security and. Anaplasma species reside in host blood cells and lead to the disease anaplasmosis.
Multicentric study of seroprevalence of borrelia burgdorferi and anaplasma phagocytophila in highrisk groups in regions of central and southern italy. Anaplasma phagocytophilum vector and reservoir involved. Anaplasma phagocytophilum is the bacterial agent formerly called ehrlichia equi. The goal of this article was to provide a practical. The disease most commonly occurs in areas where competent tick vectors are indigenous, including tropical and semitropical areas of the world for intraerythrocytic anaplasma spp anaplasma species are biologically transmitted by ixodes deertick vectors, and the prototypical species, a. Diagnose with serology acute and convalescent and pcr both pubmed. Molecular investigation and phylogeny of anaplasma spp. Kwak 1college of veterinary medicine, kyungpook national university, bukgu, daegu, republic of korea 2animal disease diagnostic division, animal and plant quarantine agency, anyang, gyeonggi. The results demonstrate a high prevalence of anaplasma spp.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging tickborne zoonotic pathogen of increased interest worldwide which has been detected in northern africa. Anaplasma spp pcr mu veterinary medical diagnostic. Anaplasmosis is an infectious disease that is caused by a bacterium called anaplasma phagocytophilum. Multiplexed, realtime pcr detection of anaplasma phagocytophillum and ehrlichia spp.
Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Molecular detection of anaplasma species in dogs in colombia. Anaplasma centrale article about anaplasma centrale by. Mckechnie db, slater ks, childs je, massung rf, paddock cd. Information has been continuously collected on these infections in europe, and publications have increased in recent years.